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The instruction stind.i4 (store a 4-byte integer indirectly) allows managed code to operate on the virtual memory of the running process. Whenever a 4-byte integer value needs to be stored at an arbitrary address in virtual memory, this IL instruction is used. The next code sample combines a read and a write operation: void f(int* pi) { *pi += 42; } To map this C++ source code to IL, the C++/CLI compiler generates the following code: // *pi += 42; ldarg.0 dup ldind.i4 // // // // // // // // // // // // // // Push the first argument (pi) on the stack (it will be needed by the stind.i4 instruction at the end of this code sample) Push it again (it will also be needed by the following instruction) Consider the top of the stack to be a virtual address to a 4-byte integer. Replace the top of the stack with the value that the address refers to Push the 4-byte integer value 42 on the stack Consider the top two elements of the stack to be two 4-byte integer values. Replace these two elements with one element whose value is the sum. Store the value on the top of the stack at the address specified by the top - 1 stack element (which is the element pushed in the first instruction of this code sample)

A business developer can specify what roles are allowed to create, get, update, and delete each business object type. This behavior is not at the object instance level but is at the type level. In other words, these roles are defined and can be accessed without ever creating an instance of a business object. The intent of this functionality is to allow a UI developer to determine whether the user could create, retrieve, update, or delete an object. Ideally, the UI developer would do these checks before ever creating an instance of a business object, so the various buttons, menu items, and links the user would use to perform each action can be disabled if they don t work anyway. The AuthorizationRules class uses the ObjectAuthorizationRules type to manage this behavior.

Inside a business class, a developer can write code like this to define these roles: Private Shared Sub AddObjectAuthorizationRules() Csla.Security.AuthorizationRules.AllowGet("Supervisor") End Sub This indicates that the users in the Supervisor role should be allowed to retrieve instances of this business object type. Notice that the AddObjectAuthorizationRules() method is Shared, so it can be invoked without needing to first create an instance of the business object. Table 12-3 lists the Shared methods from the AuthorizationRules class available to the business object developer.

In addition to the stindi4 instruction, this code contains the ldindi4 instruction (load a 4-byte integer indirectly) This instruction can be used to read a 4-byte integer value at a given virtual memory address To completely support the C++ type system, C++/CLI must also be able to map C++ reference arguments and arguments with const modifiers to IL code The following function shows an example of a function with a reference argument: void f(int& i) { i = 42; } Since a C++ reference has the same binary layout as a native pointer (both simply store addresses), the C++/CLI compiler maps an int& to the IL type int32* To differentiate the C++ types int& and int*, a signature modifier is used again: method assembly static void f(int32* modopt([mscorlib]SystemRuntimeCompilerServices.

AllowCreate() AllowGet() AllowEdit() AllowDelete()

Specifies the roles allowed to create a new object Specifies the roles allowed to get an existing object Specifies the roles allowed to edit and save (insert or update) an object Specifies the roles allowed to delete an object

IsImplicitlyDereferenced) i) cil managed Signature modifiers are also used to differentiate between the functions void f(int&) and void f(const int&): method assembly static void f(int32 modopt([mscorlib]SystemRuntimeCompilerServicesIsConst)* modopt([mscorlib]SystemRuntimeCompilerServicesIsImplicitlyDereferenced) i) cil managed Notice that pointers, even though they are supported by the IL, are not first-class managed types, because they do not fit into the picture of a single rooted type system with System::Object as the ultimate root For example, the following code does not compile: using namespace System; int main() { int i = 42; int *pi = &i; Console::WriteLine("pi = {0}", pi); // this line will cause a compiler error } The C++/CLI compiler will refuse to compile this code because no matching overload of Console::WriteLine could be found.

The AddObjectAuthorizationRules() method is invoked by ObjectAuthorizationRules the first time an attempt is made to get the list of roles for a business object type. Because all these values are maintained in a Shared cache, multithreading issues must be managed, just as I discussed in 11 in regard to validation. Here is the GetRoles() method and the declaration of the Shared cache it uses: Private Shared _managers As New Dictionary(Of Type, RolesForType)() Friend Shared Function GetRoles(ByVal objectType As Type) As RolesForType Dim result As RolesForType = Nothing If Not _managers.TryGetValue(objectType, result) Then SyncLock _managers If Not _managers.TryGetValue(objectType, result) Then result = New RolesForType() _managers.Add(objectType, result) ' invoke method to add auth roles Dim flags = BindingFlags.Static Or _ BindingFlags.Public Or _ BindingFlags.NonPublic Or _ BindingFlags.FlattenHierarchy Dim method = objectType.GetMethod("AddObjectAuthorizationRules", flags) If method IsNot Nothing Then method.Invoke(Nothing, Nothing) End If End If End SyncLock End If Return result End Function

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