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In fact, sockets and file descriptors are not merely similar concepts; sockets actually are file descriptors, which happen to be connected to network sources of data rather than to data stored on a filesystem This gives them some unusual abilities relative to normal files But POSIX also lets you perform normal file operations on them like read() and write(), meaning that a program that just wants to read or write simple data can treat a socket as though it were a file without knowing the difference! What do sockets look like in operation Take a look at Listing 2 1, which shows a simple server and client You can see already that all sorts of operations are taking place that are drawn from the socket module in the Python Standard Library Listing 2 1.

The TextAndNumber class, which is the custom type that will be passed through queued connections, will hold a QString and an integer Listing 12-32 shows the class declaration for it The class itself consists of two constructors: one takes no parameters; the other takes text and integer The constructor that doesn t take any parameters is needed by the meta-type registration, while the other is provided for convenience you will use it later on when emitting The text and number are made public, so you do not need to worry about setter and getter methods for them To use the class as a meta-type, you must also provide a public destructor and a public copy constructor Because this class contains no data that can t be handled by the default versions, you do not implement them explicitly.

UDP Server and Client on the Loopback Interface #!/usr/bin/env python # Foundations of Python Network Programming - 2 - udp_localpy # UDP client and server on localhost import socket, sys.

If you place the cursor between of the block elements and insert another less-than symbol (<), another element, providerName, will be suggested. If you haven t entered all of the required elements specified in the schema, the editor will let you know with wavy blue lines under the tags (see Figure 9-28).

The highlighted line at the very end of the listing contains a reference to the Q_DECLARE_ METATYPE macro By passing the type to this macro, the type can be used in combination with QVariant objects, which is necessary to be able to register it using qRegisterMetaType Listing 12-32 The TextAndNumber class declaration class TextAndNumber { public: TextAndNumber(); TextAndNumber( int, QString ); int number; QString text; }; Q_DECLARE_METATYPE( TextAndNumber ); The actual call to qRegisterMetaType is made from the main function that can be seen in the first highlighted line in Listing 12-33 The other two changed lines are the connect calls They have changed since you passed QString objects because the both the signals and slots now have a new argument type Listing 12-33.

s = socketsocket(socketAF_INET, socketSOCK_DGRAM) MAX = 65535 PORT = 1060 if sysargv[1:] == ['server']: sbind(('127001', PORT)) print 'Listening at', sgetsockname() while True: data, address = srecvfrom(MAX) print 'The client at', address, 'says', repr(data) ssendto('Your data was %d bytes' % len(data), address) elif sysargv[1:] == ['client']: print 'Address before sending:', sgetsockname() ssendto('This is my message', ('127001', PORT)) print 'Address after sending', sgetsockname() data, address = srecvfrom(MAX) # overly promiscuous - see text! print 'The server', address, 'says', repr(data) else: print >>sysstderr, 'usage: udp_localpy server|client' You should be able to run this script right on your own computer, even if you are not currently in the range of a network, because both server and client use only the localhost IP address Try running the server first: $ python udp_local.

The main function registering TextAndNumber as a meta-type and making connections for the new signals and slots int main( int argc, char **argv ) { QApplication app( argc, argv ); qRegisterMetaType<TextAndNumber>("TextAndNumber"); TextDevice device; TextThread foo( "Foo" ), bar( "Bar" ); QObject::connect( &foo, SIGNAL(writeText(TextAndNumber)), &device, SLOT(write(TextAndNumber)) );.

py server Listening at ('127001', 1060) After printing this line of output, the server hangs and waits for an incoming message In the source code, you can see that it took three steps for the server to get up and running It first created a plain socket with the socket() call This new socket has no name, is not yet connected to anything, and will raise an exception if you attempt any communications with it But the socket is, at least, marked as being of a particular type: its family is AF_INET, the Internet family of protocols, and it is of the SOCK_DGRAM datagram type, which means UDP (The term datagram is the official term for an application-level block of transmitted data Some people call UDP packets datagrams like Candygrams, I suppose, but with data in them instead.

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