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Download Jpg To Pdf Converter for Windows - Best Software & Apps. Filter by: .... Create and Convert pdf to word, excel, jpg, bmp, png, tiff and swf. 10 . 1 vote. 2 Reception of Route Updates consider node C that receives the routing update from node A above Node C has to rst validate the routing update from node A that it has received and then revise the routing update a Validation consider a node F that is j hops away from node A Then the authentication value that node C will receive in a routing update from node A will be hc[F, S, j ] where the sequence number associated with destination F is S and the metric is j 2 1 Node C can authenticate such an entry it received from its neighbor by applying the hash function S km 2 j times to the hash value on the routing update (S, km, j are all known for node F) Thus, h S km 2 j S km (sm2S) km j 1 sm km 1 2 j [h (secret)] h (secret) h N 1 (hc[F, S, j ]) h (secret) corresponding to node F As was described earlier, h N 1(secret) is known for each node (and therefore for node F) by every node in the system (hence by node C) Therefore the correct value can be veri ed Applying the hash value can be optimized by maintaining the hash value for the previous sequence number and then calculating how many more times to apply the hash function to get to the right value Thus, if the routing update entry corresponding to node F is veri ed, then node C will revise this entry as given next before propagating it further b Revision node C after verifying each entry in the routing update received from node A updates these entries To do this, it adds one hop to the metric describing the distance to node A It then applies the hash function to the hash value in the routing message record that node C has received For example, consider node F The revised entry for node F that node C will send out in its own routing update (assuming it is shorter than its existing entries) will contain the same sequence number S while the metric is increased by 1 to j Additionally, the authentication value associated with this entry is given as hc[F, S, j 1], which is obtained by h(hc[F, S, j ]) Thus, node C can obtain the new entry in the hash chain value of node F 3 The above process repeats at different nodes Thus, we see that the authentication approach is used to ensure that the sequence numbers cannot be increased, nor can the metric be reduced Malicious nodes cannot affect the sequence number because they cannot create the right hash value and therefore cannot launch attacks that try to manipulate the sequence numbers Similarly, a malicious node will not be able to reduce the metric associated with a destination that it has received in a routing update Doing so would require the malicious nodes to either have access to the hash chain of a different node or would require the malicious node to violate the one-way property of hash chains Both of these are not possible Further, given a group of colluding nodes, the shortest distance that these nodes can claim to a destination corresponds to the shortest distance to the destination from any node in this colluding group This approach is open to some attacks from malicious nodes, though Such nodes may increase the metric for the route more than once, let us say k times, and then apply the hash function the correct number of times (k times in this case) Other nodes will not be able to detect such malicious behavior (unless they use IDS techniques discussed in 5) because the behavior results in correct authentication Such malicious behavior does not impact the operation of the network signi cantly This is because such attacks will make. multiple jpg to pdf software free: Free JPG To PDF Converter 2.42 Free Download jpg to pdf converter software for windows 10 JPG to PDF – Convert JPG Images to PDF Documents Online
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